Lentigines are black spots that appear on the body unrelated to sun exposure. They are seen in children and in fair skinned people especially those with red hair who have an inherited predisposition for them. Importantly these need to be differentiated from moles becoming skin cancer. Otherwise called as Leopard syndrome, Lentigines Solar and lentigines multiple syndrome
On the face and other areas exposed to the sun they are an inherited characteristic. These small brown marks are most often seen in fair skinned people, especially those with red hair. Known as ephilides, the color is due to pigment accumulating in the skin cells (keratinocytes). Although most frequently called liver spots, they are unrelated to the liver or liver function. They are also called age spots.
CAUSES
Lentigines are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Affected people have large numbers of lentigines as the most obvious sign. These are located mostly on the trunk and neck. Affected people also have wide-set eyes, prominent ears, nerve deafness (partial), and cafe-au-lait spots (light brown birthmarks).
The other findings may include mild pulmonic stenosis and changes in the ECG. Affected people may have abnormal genitalia, hypogonadism, or delayed puberty.
SYMPTOMS
The lesions tend to increase in number with age, making them common among the middle age and older population. They can vary in size from 0.2 to 2 cm. These flat lesions usually have discrete borders, are dark in color, and have an irregular shape.
Some of the common symptoms for Lentigines are: -
* A family history of multiple lentigines.
* Prominent ears.
* abnormalities of the sternum or breastbone.
* Wide-set eyes.
* Multiple lentigines on neck and trunk.
TREATMENT
Lentigines are usually benign therefore treatment is not necessary. For cosmetic purposes, some successful treatments include: cryotherapy, hydroquinone preparations, retinoids, chemical peels or lasers.
Some of the common treatment for Lentigines includes :-
* Topical vitamin C treatment is effective for treating sunspots. Topical vitamin C works well when used in combination with alpha hydroxyacids.
* Lentigines can also be treated with an alpha hydroxyacid peel. This involves applying a mild acid to the skin and then allowing the skin to heal. Chemical peels work best in people with blue eyes and light hair, but can be effective in all skin types. This is the second fastest way to get rid of age spots.
* Chemical peels, cryotherapy or certain pigment lasers, can remove lentigines more effectively.
PREVENTION
* Sunscreens should be always used.
* Genetic counseling is recommended for prospective parents with a family history of Lentigines.
* Protective clothing, such as hats and long sleeves should wear to avoid excessive sunlight exposure
